ABSTRACT
Age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer in Pakistan is 5.3 per 100,000 which is relatively low compared to other Asian countries, but increasing numbers of cases are being reported. Data on risk factors associated with prostate cancer risk among Pakistani men are sparse. The objective of this study was to identify lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Pakistani men. An unmatched case-control study was conducted in Lahore from February to October 2011. The study enrolled 195 histologically confirmed cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate from Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore [INMOL] and Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, using purposive sampling technique. A total of 390 hospital controls were selected using convenient sampling technique from different teaching hospitals of Lahore after screening with prostate specific antigen levels. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data through face-to-face interviews. Odds ratio was used as a measure of strength of association and was calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Farmers were found to be at higher odds of prostate cancer [OR=19.76, 95% CI=5.51-70.80, p<0.001]. No significant association was found with marital status, ethnic background, religious affiliation and consanguineous marriages. Level of physical activity was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk [OR=0.05, 95% CI=0.01-0.26, p<0.001]. Positive association was found with increased red meat consumption [OR=11.82, 95% CI=2.88-48.54, p=0.001] and dairy products intake [OR=11.76, 95% CI=4.23-32.67, p<0.001]. Red meat consumption, higher dairy products intake and working as farmers are strongly associated with increased odds of prostate cancer among Pakistani men.
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the results and outcome of paediatric unstable fractures of radius and ulna treated by Kirchner wire fixation. Prospective quasi experimental study from July 2004 to May 2007. Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Children with displaced fractures of both forearm bones, in whom closed manipulation had failed. The children were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of both forearm bones with Kirchner wires [K wires]. Under general anesthesia and tourniquet control the fractures were fixed by retrograde method. Patients were followed every month for clinical and radiological union of fracture and for any complications. The K wires were removed after healing of fractures. The patients were assessed for symptoms such as pain, ability to participate in physical activities or sports, and physical examination was done to see range of motion of wrist, elbow and forearm, Grading of the results was done according to modified Price criteria. The total number of patients was 22. Sixteen were males and six were females. The age range was 6-12 years with an average age of 9.5 years. In most cases the middle third was involved. The average time of surgery was 65 minutes [range 50-95 minutes]. The average time for clinical and radiological union was 9.2 weeks. The mean interval between the initial surgery and removal of the K wires was 3.2 months. At final assessment there were 18 excellent, two good and two fair results. In unstable fractures involving both forearm bones, open reduction and internal fixation [ORIF] with Kirchner wires have excellent results amongst children